Investigação química e farmacológica de espécies vegetais contra a leishmaniose

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is considered by the World Health Organization as one of the most severe infections, due to have high capacity to produce deformities. The existing drugs are highly toxic and the parasites have been showed resistance to these drugs. Scientific researches have been proven the antiparasitic potential of extracts and compounds isolated from plant species. The subject of this work is to obtain essential oils from leaves of three species of from Myrtaceae: Eugenia patrisii, Marlierea umbraticola and Myrciaria floribunda, two species from Myristicaceae: Virola mollissima and V. theiodora, one specie from Annonaceae: Bocageopsis multiflora and one specie from Lauraceae: Endlicheria bracteolata, collected at the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus, AM. The collections were performed in two periods: winter (April) and summer (September). The analysis of essential oils of E. patrisii, M. floribunda, B. multiflora and V. mollissima by GC-MS showed a high percentageof sesquiterpenes, while oils M. umbraticola and V. theiodora presented the monoterpenes as main constituents. The essential oil of the fresh leaves from E. bracteolata presented a differential when extracted in the month of April. There was observed the precipitate during the extraction and when analyzed by GC-MS showed a chromatographic profile of about 73.7% oxygenated sesquiterpenes. However, the oil of the dry season showed the hydrocarbons sesquiterpene as major constituents. The solid material obtained from E. bracteolata was purified, and guaiol was identified by MS, NMR and comparison with the literature data. The study with the heartwood from V. mollissima led to obtain a precipitate of the hexane extract and isolation of neolignans carinatin and dehydrodieugenol. Concerning the pharmacological tests, essential oils and extracts of low polarity were tested on the promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. In this context, the oil V. mollissima showed highr activity (IC50 of 19.7g/mL). The neolignan carinatina showed lower activity with value IC50 of 53.9g/mL. The essential oils from B. multiflora and M. umbraticola were the most active with IC50 of 14.8 and 21.1g/mL, respectively. The extracts that showed highest activity on promastigotes from L. amazonensis were subjected to the cytotoxicity analysis in non-infected macrophages, and oil from V. mollissima was the most toxic with IC50 of 17.16g/mL 10 compared to standard pentamidine (IC50 = 24.40 g/mL), while the oil from B. multiflora showed less toxicity with IC50 = 42.71g/mL. When evaluated against brine shrimp Artemia salina, all the oils exhibited high toxicity compared to standard lapachol (LC50 = 10.47g/mL), being the essential oil from E. bracteolata the most toxic with LC50 of 0.53g/mL. The antioxidant activity evaluation against the radical free DPPH below 28% of activity to the essential oils. In contrast, the neolignan deidrodieugenol and precipitate obtained from V. mollissima, exhibit high antioxidant activity with IC50=10.68 and IC50=6.87g/mL, respectively.