Arquitetura bioclimática na Amazônia: um estudo da obra de Severiano Mário Porto no Setor Norte do Campus UFAM

Abstract

Bioclimatic architecture consists on application of strategies capable to promote a harmonious relation of energy exchange processes between biome, climate and built environment. These strategies purpose to achieve more environmental comfort and, consequently, more energy efficiency in buildings. For this reason, bioclimatic architecture can be established as a guideline to achieve the SDG 11. Buildings of the renowned architect Severiano Mário Porto are recognized nationally and internationally for its suitability to Amazonian environment. His works include the UFAM Campus Northern Sector, whose buildings are widely reported as an architectural complex with bioclimatic characteristics. In order to study bioclimatic strategies of Severiano Mário Porto’s architecture at Northern Sector through its original type buildings, in other words, those that have same use, same physical structure and are dated from the first construction, in this dissertation a quantitative-qualitative and descriptive research was developed. For the dissertation development, four blocks were raffled, each one representing a different building typology, whose envelope energetic efficiency was evaluated according to ENCE PBE Edifica’s prescriptive method. Were measured in these blocks the temperature on humid bulb, air relative humidity, thermal sensation, air velocity and ambient illumination, without interference of artificial acclimatization or lighting. The measurements were made during quarters with lower (January to March) and higher (August to October) annual temperature averages, according to Manaus regular weather conditions provided by INMET. The bioclimatic strategies found were distinguished in categories of materials selection, shading and natural ventilation. Regarding the envelope energetic efficiency, all buildings reached "A" level on consumption indicators, but high thermal transmittance of roofs lowered its prerequisites and its final classification to "E" level. Mean values of measured temperatures varied from 28.21 ºC to 32.21 ºC, thermal sensations from 29.17 ºC to 33.28 ºC, relative humidity from 66.20% to 79.96% and illuminances from 139, 52 lux to 276.90 lux, with air velocities not being significant. There was a strong correlation between temperature and collection hour and between temperature and relative humidity. Regarding current parameters, only NR 17’s relative humidity adequacy to intellectual activity was fully reached during the two measurements. Already ASHRAE 55’s temperature acceptability and ISO 8995-1’s minimum illumination in halls were reached in most points. The results demonstrated the relevance of all bioclimatic strategies found, especially due to materials choice influence in envelope energetic efficiency, as well as in thermal and luminous comfort of the studied blocks, although some of shading and natural ventilation strategies did not influence ENCE calculation. Finally, recommendations were made for future interventions in UFAM Campus, distinguishing original buildings from the others. These recommendations were based not only on the research results, but on respect and conservation of Severiano Mario Porto buildings, an architectural, historical and cultural heritage, aligned to APA UFAM forest fragment preservation.