Subsídios ao ordenamento de pesca de pequena escala na Amazônia: um enfoque econômico

Abstract

Fishery management for the Amazon has been widely discussed by the academy, local managers, governamental agents and non-govermenamental, with a small portion of system users. The current management model is guided by national policy, and the most important is the Closed Season Policy (Law nº 9.605, from 1998), which suspends the catch of certain stocks with overfishing risk. Additionally, the management relies on regulatory measures determined by the state and municipal levels. However, landing data indicate the ocurence of prohibited fishing, associated with poor surveillance, non-compliance with regionalities, absence of statistical data of fishery and fishery biology, absence of socialeconomic data about fisheries communities and the fishermen family, compromising the efficiency of fishery management of the region. The main issue addressed in this study is how to generate subsides for small-scale fisheries management for the Amazon in order to make it doable and efficient. Therefore, we seek answers in the understanding of the man-nature relationship, from the use of exploitable resources and environments, considering social, political, environmental and economic aspects. A review was carried out on the main management models with the purpose of capturing the maximum information that would match the description above, with the successes of measures and models experienced. It was also possible to assess the present measures in the Amazon, through specific results, besides the adaptions of these to regionalities disregarded by the fishing policy of national scope. Subsequently, data on fishing and small-scale fishermen from Manacapuru, in the Solimões, were created in order to create a scenario for the fishery management, which was the period from August 2014 to November 2015 and involved 54 families from three different localities. The characterization indicated similarities related to fishing operation, social organization, capitalization and dependence on external agents to outflow of production; and, difference related to social and economic aspects, as scholastic level, average income, market, indicating different answers that can influence management measures and engagement with management processes. Based on this preliminary analysis and the use of the data generated, an empirical model of the fisherman’s decision to produce was developed from the fishing effort function (1) and the fish supply function (2). Function (1) analyzed the influence of price variables (P), number of canoes (quantcanoa), scholastic level (esc), before closed season period (ad), closed season period (d) and after closed season (ad), besides the variable other incomes (outrend) on fishing effort. The model indicated significance for all variables, being “P”, “quantcanoa” and “ad” which resulted in greater effort. Function (2) analyzed the fishery effort for each locality, ceteris paribus, considering related environmental variables to exlpoited regions, as productivity, richness, abundance, hydrological period, and indicated the locality Costa do Pesqueiro with the greatest supply capacity of resources to the same fishing effort. Consolidating the equations into a single function, we obtained different models for each of the three localities and three fishing periods (‘ad’, ‘d’ and ‘pd’), which result in particularized scenarios that may assist in decision making. The final result suggests that the Amazon fisheries management should be based on its regionalities, adopting models and measures particularized in a decentralized way, considering social, economic and environmental aspecs that involve the activity by basin or mesoregion.