Turismo em Comunidades Tradicionais: políticas de desenvolvimento local e territorialidades humanas na RDS do Rio Negro (Iranduba-AM)

Abstract

In this thesis the aim was to analyze the process of territorialization of the Tourism as an strategy of the territorial and environmental management in the local communities called Nossa Senhora do Perpétuo Socorro do Tumbira, Santa Helena do Inglês and São Sebastião do Saracá, as well in the Reserve of Sustainable Development of the Negro River, in the State of Amazonas. Specifically, the objectives of this work are to identify the historic of the territorialization in protected areas and also the social environmental conflicts arising from governmental policies. Similarly, this work aims to identify the process of human occupation and the social uses of landscapes; as well as those were forged by economic cycles; at the same time, it targets to characterize the role of the State and the Third Sector in the Governmental Policies of Tourism; to seize the mechanism of social participation of people living in traditional communities in the governmental policies related to Tourism; and finally to characterize the human territorialities, the otherness and the role of Tourism in the local development of the communities from the low Negro river. The research is considered qualitative combined with phenomenological, hermeneutic and dialect methods. This fact allowed the deepening about the analysis of the touristic phenomenon in the reality of the traditional communities. The use of territories of those three communities are imbricated in the limits of two Protected Areas (PAs), one of them is the integral protection and the other is the sustainable use due to the restrictive character, in larger or smaller degree, new human territorialities were developed. The rich biodiversity and its social potentialities awaked the interest for the occupation of the low Negro river since the colonial period passing by the economic cycles of exploitation of natural resources and landscape without necessarily taking out the traditional communities from the precariousness situation of that territory. The pressures of the environmentalist organizations, to support the sustainable development, have finished with the creation of neoliberal policies which were implemented during the last decades in this region. Such policies have facilitated the participation of organizations from the Third Sector, particularly the Civil Society Organizations of Public Interest (OSCIPs) leading the Tourism in the PAs which sustainable version is presented as a panacea able to promote social inclusion, income generation and environmental conservation. The OSCIPs act additionally to the State in the implementation of governmental policies and, though their schedules want to reach the development of the sustainable tourism through the Ecotourism and the Community-Based Tourism (CBT). The political process has become oblivious to social demands, in opposite to the principles of sustainability (economic, social and environmental). The environmentalist discourse uses an ideologized language to generate acceptance, and to reduce the possibilities of conflicts and social dissatisfaction, ending up in the counterinsurgent of cooptation of the traditional communities and the domination of grassroots organizations in order to dissimulate the extra communitarian interests behind the participative management. People from the PAs are excluded from the operative instances of the Governmental Policies of Tourism, it was granted to ordinary validators. While the institutional arrangements and the public-private partnerships promote asymmetric relationships of power and feedback the circumstance of dependence of exogenous forces to encourage the local development. The governmental policies, their instruments, and agents of implementation unify the perpetuation of the logic of financial capital domination in contrast of human territorialities and alterative subject – the recognition of the victims’ faces (people from community) – is notably grounded in the social inequalities.