Caracterização fitossociológica, diagnóstico ambiental e avaliação do uso da terra em uma floresta de terra firme na Amazônia Central, Amazonas, Brasil

Abstract

The General Instruction Center Sampaio Maia (S 3o2'41.58 "and W 59o49'24.19"), is composed of a landland forest passed on to the Brazilian Army by the Union in the 50s and has as main objectives to serve as a base for military training and the conservation of the Amazon Forest, to ensure the provision of environmental services, among them, the genetic supply to the forest fragments surrounding Manaus. In its surroundings it houses twenty traditional communities, to involve the community in actions for the conservation of the forest is essential for its success. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the phytosociological and spatial-time variation of the CIGSM terra firme forest and the socioenvironmental perception of communities belonging to the site, Central Amazonia, Amazonas, Brazil. The research was developed around the CIGSM, east of Manaus, located between the municipalities of Manaus and Rio Preto da Eva. A phytosociological inventory was carried out using the quadrant method, totaling 150 points in 14 ha. To evaluate the social and environmental issues, a questionnaire with 15 semistructure questions and 14 questions on the Likert scale of importance was applied to 104 residents of 3 communities. Regarding the analyzes of the space-time variations of the CIGSM vegetation, the NDVI and SAVI indexes were analyzed in 1992, 2001, 2009 and 2013, relating the changes with the possible fluctuations of migration and migration of the community in the region. There were 600 individuals, distributed in 39 families, 153 species of 109 botanical genera. The plateau area presented greater floristic diversity in relation to the basin. The species of greatest ecological importance in the plateau area were Protium apiculatum (Burseraceae), Scleronema micranta (Malvaceae), Oenocarpus bacaba (Arecaceae). In the lowland vegetation, the most important species were Micropholis elegans and Micropholis monthly (Sapotaceae), Lueheopsis rosea (Malvaceae) and the genus Lecythis sp. (Lecythisbaceae). In the ethnobotanical analyzes of plateau vegetation, the results were 29.90% in wood use, 4.67% in extraction and 4.67 in medicinal use, while in the lowland vegetation the results were 64.67% in the ecological and 5.88% for food. In the ethnobotanical analyzes of plateau vegetation, the results were 29.90% in wood use, 4.67% in extraction and 4.67 in medicinal use, while in the lowland vegetation the results were 64.67% in the ecological and 5.88% for food. Among the surrounding communities of the area, three participated in socioeconomic research and environmental perception, traditional riverside communities, formed by old residents, with similar social profiles. The environmental perception of these residents is diffuse, where while they see the remaining forest as a determinant factor for quality of life, they expect significant changes in the local infrastructure, contrasting in some moments the characteristics of traditional communities of the Amazon, but mostly presented themselves as traditional communities in which they have a direct relation with the environment, making use of the natural resources respecting the time of response of the forest and the rivers. In addition, vegetation variation in the environment was analyzed over 25 years using NDVI and SAVI tools, presenting major physical changes in the south and southeast of the area, the banks of the Amazon River, where five communities live, among them 3 sampled in this study. The responses were satisfactory from the indexes, before 2013 community growth and direct land use actions, while in 2013 a legal environment was used, the concession of the real land use right (CDRU) of the land, acting as an agent limiting the degradation of communities on the environment, showing a success in 2017 of the return of vegetation both by natural regeneration and by planting.