Implicações da invisibilização dos Ingarikó na unidualidade estabelecida pelo Parque Nacional do Monte Roraima

Abstract

The creation of the Monte Roraima National Park in the territory of the Ingarikó People created a territorial overlap. As it is a Conservation Unit of Integral Protection, the area management was dependent on the conciliation between the preservation of the biodiversity and the use of the natural resources by the Indigenous People. In spite of the almost two-decade efforts to make it compatible, the parties directly involved haven´t reached a formal agreement on the basis of a joint management plan. This difficulty raised questions about a factor preventing the success of the negotiations. The ongoing investigation led to the suspicion of the existence of a process of invisibility developed by the Goverment against the Ingarikó People. This possibility supported the thesis and the objective of the research, proving the existence of a practice of invisibility and its possible limiting effect to the conciliation between the integral protection and the usufruct by the Indigenous People. The development of research required qualitative and quantitative strategies of data collection, including techniques of document analysis, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observations. The results showed that the government chose the invisibility of the Ingarikó People so they could create the National Park and form an enclave between these Indigenous People and the International Borderline. Such initiative established a uniduality in the overlapping area. This situation began to demand the strengthening of complementary measures between the competing, antagonic (or contradictory) and complementary measures representing the Integral Protection and the usufruct by the Indigenous People. As a reaction to this new reality imposed by the Goverment, the Indigenous People started to struggle for recognition of their territoriality and redistribution of natural resources. The confrontation focused on the use of strategies of symbolic representation, negotiation with the Environment Agency and resistance. In spite of the conquest of the visibility on the territory presence before the Goverment, the invisibility remained on the changes imposed by the population growth in the indigenous experiences and its reflexes in certain components of the biodiversity. As a whole, the uniduality, Environmental Legislation, the Ingarikó People´s Population Growth and their respective resistance and defense strategies established five conditions to strengthen the complementary measures between the Integral Protection and the usufruct by The Indigenous People. The first consisted of the recognition of the overlapping area as a uniduality. The second involved the need of consider the Environmental Legislation and indigenous rights in negotiations. The other conditions corresponded to the information exchange on the Management Process of the Double-Affected area, the protection of the indigenous territory and the fight against the Ingarikó People´s Food Shortage. The fulfillment of these proposals became dependent on the expansion of the management perspective manifested by the association between the ecological and social initiatives, the recognition of the autonomy of the parties involved and the joint management. These measures help the realization of the coexistence between the preservation of biodiversity and the use of natural resources in the overlapping area by allowing the joint building of zones and objectives. Although these alternatives were showed to the parties involved, the invisibility practiced by the Government prevents the progress in this direction, limiting the strengthening of the complementary measures between the Integral Protection and the usufruct by Indigenous People.