Qualidade de vida do receptor de transplante renal: análise através de instrumento específico

Abstract

Background: Along with the development of societies and the evolution of modern medicine have been occurring an increase in the life expectancy of people and chronic diseases. These represent a high cost for public coffers and for health systems. In addition, chronic diseases usually affect drastically the quality of life of those affected and, in this sense, we can highlight chronic kidney disease. Irreversible kidney disease usually leads patients, in the later stages of pathology, to rely on dialysis to survive. Among renal replacement therapies, hemodialysis is one of the most currently used, leaving the patient "attached to the machine" for several hours 3 days a week (usually) until the end of their lives or until they reach a kidney transplant, when eligible, and depending on the availability of a compatible organ at transplant centers. Measuring the quality of life of these patients at all stages and periods of the disease is of paramount importance insofar as it makes it possible to evaluate the efficacy of the therapeutic regimens and resources used. Knowing the quality of life of patients in the different types of dialysis and post-transplantation can also serve as an aid to health professionals and users in choosing the ideal treatment for each case. Objective: to analyze the quality of life of renal Tx receptors in Amazonas. Method: it is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study. The collection took place between June / 18 and February / 19, in a public outpatient clinic and a private health clinic that offer renal postTx follow-up to those transplanted in the capital Manaus. The collection was between June / 18 and February / 19, in a public outpatient clinic and a private health clinic that offer renal post-Tx follow-up to those transplanted in the capital Manaus. The population was composed of 284 registered users in these services. During the interviews, a socio-demographic and clinical historical questionnaire was used and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life - Short Form (SF-KDQOL). The KDQOL-SF is an instrument composed of Likert-type scales created to evaluate the quality of life of chronic kidney patients, translated and validated in Brazil. Data analysis, interpretation and presentation were done through descriptive statistics (measures of central tendency, dispersion and variance, absolute and relative frequencies), and the relationship between the most compromised quality of life dimensions was investigated through the Pearson correlation test. Values of p <0.05 were considered significant. Cronbach's α coefficient was used to verify the reliability and internal consistency of the instrument. Results: 222 (78.1%) participants, with 45.2 (± 12.8) years, men (60.4%), married (45.5%), browns %), residents in the Capital (87.4%), kidney recipients of live donors (65.3%). The results of the study indicated higher specific of CKD QOL scores than those of the generic domains. The most affected dimensions were "work situation" (36.5 ± 40.0), "sleep" (53.7 ± 17.3), "physical function" (52.4 ± 39.7) and "emotional function (55.1 ± 43.5); moderately correlated (r> 0.3) with each other (p <0.01). The instrument was reliable in the studied group (α = 0.95). Conclusion: the QOL of the renal transplant recipient in Amazonas is good, especially with regard to the specific domains of the disease. However, greater attention should be given to the physical, emotional and psychological impairment of the clientele, as well as the quality of sleep, and the perspectives and possibilities of returning to the job market and physical exercise practices. It is hoped that this work will contribute to the incentive to renal Tx in Amazonas and in the North Region and that it will help the decision making and the assistance to the transplanted ones.