Obtenção de sistema de filtragem com argilomineral e a determinação da eficiência no tratamento de águas residuais

Abstract

Only 1% of the world's water supply is used and approximately 35 million Brazilians do not have access to drinking water. Anthropogenic activities, urbanization and industrialization represent key factors for the increase in the concentration of water pollutants. A great problem all over the world is the scarcity of water for human consumption, therefore, seek to study means of reuse through conventional and non-conventional treatments for the disinfection of wastewater. However, there are studies that investigated the use of clay minerals to remove pollutants and contaminants, due to their adsorption capacity. Considering the Amazon a rich state in deposits of clay minerals in many colors, which relate to different chemical compositions, originating from residual deposits formed from the rocks of the Alter do Chao Formation. This work aims to characterize and determine the efficiency of clay minerals, from sedimentary deposits in the region of Iranduba- AM and Manacapuru- AM, as a filter bed for the treatment of wastewater. The clay minerals were characterized using the techniques of Laser Granulometry, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence and Binocular Stereoscopic Microscopy. The filter prototype was created using PVC pipes and connections, the filter bed was produced using clay minerals with different granulometries and in the shape of sawdust, made manually and under friction with the aid of stainless-steel sieves. After the mineralogical characterization of the clays, tests were carried out with the wastewater under study before and after filtration in the filter produced with clay mineral. The wastewater analyzed comes from the manatee (Trichechus manatus) tanks, located at the National Institute for Research in the Amazon. To evaluate the efficiency of the filter, the physic-chemical, microbiological, and potentially toxic metals parameters were measured in the in natura water and treated by the constructed filter. The physicochemical parameters were pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, ammoniacal nitrogen, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The microbiological parameters were total and fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli). The characterization analyzes identified that the samples were rich in aluminum oxides (Al2O3) and silicon dioxides (SiO2), which belonged to the kaolinite mineral group; The bacteriological and physic-chemical analysis showed removal considerably density of coliforms in the filtration system of prototype 01 for coarse clays; removal for prototypes 01 and 02, respectively, of total suspended solids (35.37 and 21.59%), nitrite (29.68 and 69.55%), ammoniacal nitrogen (49.67 and 27.18%), sulfate (13.91 and 55.59%), calcium (46.02 and 6.5%), and magnesium (28.14 and 92%). Therefore, prototypes 01 and 02 had different performances in removing bacteriological and physicochemical parameters when applied to wastewater treatment.