Avaliação do potencial da borra ácida de óleo de palma para obtenção de biocombustível alternativo

Abstract

This paper reports on the production of biofuel from palm acid sludge, which consists mainly of free fatty acids. The biodiesel was obtained by the esterification process via acid catalyzed heterogeneous. With the intention of evaluating the conversion of sludge palm biodiesel were prepared heterogeneous catalysts containing the series of Keggin heteropoly. The study initially involved testing using catalytic HCl 1.0 mol.L-1. The best result was achieved in 8 hours of reaction with a yield of 86.77% and a density of 0.877 g/mL. In other catalytic tests were tested pure HPW, 20% PW/Zr0,1Ce0,9O2. Rice husk ash (RHA) and also supported with pure copper oxides and niobium, Cu/RHA, Nb/RHA, respectively, than the zeolite catalyst ZSM-5 and MCM-41. Simultaneously was also evaluated the effectiveness of catalysts prepared in the reaction of esterification with oleic acid using a molar ratio alcohol: fatty material = 30, 5% catalyst under initial temperature of 70 °C for 2 hours in 4348 PARR reactor in the presence of various alcohols . Initially, the conversion products were evaluated by 1 H NMR and better yield in processing the sludge was in the presence of 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW). Further, HPW was impregnated with HPW century flint and metakaolin in the proportions of 20, 40 and 60 wt% solutions in HPW HCl 0.1 mol.L-1 and 0.5, and acetonitrile. For this purpose, kaolin had previously been subjected to heating at 960 ° C, becoming metacaulins, followed by acid treatment to increase surface area and acidity before impregnation. For the characterization of the catalysts were employed techniques of FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM, N2 adsorption and pyridine adsorption by temperature-programmed TPD. The analysis of FTIR, composites PW(x)MCS and PW(x)MFS showed no decomposition of the Keggin structure such materials. However, impregnation using HCl in 0.1 mol.L-1 was inconclusive as to the impregnation of the supports HPW. The best conversions were obtained with using the alcohol methanol, reaching 98% yield, regardless of the content of HPW on the support. Study of reaction parameters, temperature, time and molar ratio with the catalyst PW(20)MFS were also evaluated. For the synthesis of MCM-41 from the fresh water sponge, the bio-silica was extracted by washing with nitric acid. The synthesis of MCM-41 was performed at 100 ° C for 5 days and the procedure was optimized using a factorial design, being modified solubilization temperature of the silica and the synthesis of mesoporous. The best result of synthesis of MCM-41 was obtained at a temperature of 135 °C for 3 days, showing with ordered mesoporous surface area of 1080 m2/g.