Governança sobre desmatamento ilegal na Amazônia: estudo de caso da Operação Verde Brasil no sul do Amazonas

Abstract

Due to the significant increase in fire outbreaks and deforestation in the Legal Amazon that occurred between 2018 and 2019, the Federal Government, through a presidential decree, adopted an unprecedented measure in an attempt to combat and control the environmental illegalities that plagued the country by employing the Army (FA), coordinated by the Ministry of Defense (MD), in actions of Guarantee of Law and Order (GLO) in conjunction with the federal (IBAMA and ICMBio) and state agencies ( IPAAM) of environmental inspection and public security agencies, being called Operation Green Brazil. The objective of this research is to conduct a case study of Operation Green Brazil, in order to establish a relationship between the budgetary cost of this pioneering command and control and the economic efficiency and effectiveness of environmental inspection on the fight against deforestation in the Southern Amazon. The bibliographic review, carried out selectively by the Database of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) and CAPES Periodicals, covered Theses, Dissertations and scientific journals with QUALIS A and/or B, refining in four time periods of 5, 10, 15 and 20 years, whose subjects dealt with environmental and economic nature. The exploratory and theoretical research methodology sought to identify, empirically, the elements that determined or collaborated for the succession of complex social phenomena that resulted in a pioneering act of environmental governance with the use of comparative results and temporal analysis of data by cross-section or crosection (YIN, 2001; Gil, 2002; STEFANO; CASAROTTO FILHO, 2013). Delimiting the area of studies by the mesoregion of Southern Amazonas, whose data could be extracted from the digital platform MapBiomas, being composed of ten municipalities that, in addition to having several Indigenous Lands (TI) and State and Federal Conservation Units (UC), have indications of agricultural expansion in the region. The Action Plan for the Preservation and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAm), initiated in 2004, proved positive and effective with a strong deceleration of deforestation until 2013, where it began the reversal of the trend line and a gradual growth of the suppression of forest cover until the year 2018, at the same time as the expenses with Budget Actions (AO) linked to environmental protection and preservation, executed by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA), have been suffering divestments since 2014. Initially, during Operation Green Brazil 1 (2019), new budgetary resources were not decentralized to the MD, being reallocated 140 million from the MMA to the MD for the purposes of environmental GLO activities and, in 2020, in Operation Green Brazil 2 (2020), the Federal Government decentralized, through supplementary credit, a total of 410 million. In general, after the analysis of the tangible results obtained in the command and control actions, despite the high operational cost in using the logistical means of the FA to combat environmental crimes, in GLO operations and interagency actions, it had as a positive result economically, viable by the reach in remote areas of the Amazon and effective employed, in addition to the expressive numbers of fines, seizures, arrests made, which may have discouraged the environmental offender, making evident the behavior of the results presented.