Migração cubana no Brasil: uma análise sobre as expressões da questão social

Abstract

Migration is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon deeply rooted in the economic, political and social dynamics of each region. In the case of Cuban migration to Brazil, this complexity is magnified by the specific historical circumstances of Cuba and the migration policies adopted by Brazil over the years. Since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, Cuba has undergone significant transformations that directly affected migratory flows, influenced by economic and political crises. In the Brazilian context, Cuban migration gained prominence with the implementation of the Mais Médicos Program in 2013. However, despite the relevance of the topic, there is a significant gap in the literature and public policies regarding Cuban migration in Brazil. While Haitian and Venezuelan migration has received considerable attention, Cuban migration remains less studied and discussed, despite its growing importance. This scenario raises several questions that need to be addressed for a more complete understanding of the Cuban migration phenomenon and its social, economic and political implications in Brazil. The main objective of this research was to analyze the expressions of social issues experienced by Cuban migrants in Brazil. The research sought to understand how these expressions manifest themselves in terms of access to rights, social integration and living conditions, and how economic, political and social factors influence these dynamics. The research adopted a qualitative-quantitative approach according to Minayo (2002), using the critical-dialectic method. Technical procedures were carried out to collect data, including bibliographic, documentary and field research, using sources such as the International Migration Observatory (OBMigra) to contextualize Cuban migration in the global and Brazilian scenario. An online questionnaire was applied to 52 Cuban migrants living in Brazil, selected from the "Cubanos en Brasil" group on Facebook, ensuring representativeness and relevance of the data collected. The data analysis carried out using descriptive statistics allowed an in-depth interpretation of the migrants' personal experiences. The research followed the ethical guidelines of the UFAM Research Ethics Committee, guaranteeing anonymity and confidentiality of participants, with informed consent obtained from everyone. The results revealed that Cuban migration to Brazil is characterized by a constant and diversified flow, driven by economic, social and political factors. Most migrants have higher education, but face difficulties in revalidating their diplomas and obtaining jobs consistent with their qualifications. Challenges such as language barriers, racial discrimination and xenophobia were highlighted, as well as difficulties in accessing essential services such as health, education and housing. The research concludes that, although Cuban migrants bring valuable skills and qualifications to the Brazilian economy, they face numerous challenges that hinder their full integration. Suggestions from migrants to improve integration include simplifying bureaucratic procedures, greater access to employment opportunities and housing, social inclusion policies and the need for more humane and respectful treatment. This analysis provides important subsidies for the formulation of public policies that can improve the situation of Cuban migrants in Brazil, guaranteeing access to social rights and public services; that promote respect for diversity and interculturality; that prevent the violation of rights and that can also develop coordinated actions with civil society.