A geodiversidade da faixa de meandro do Rio Tarauacá: a paisagem da fisiografia fluvial e a relação com o uso e ocupação do solo urbano de Envira - Amazonas

Abstract

This study aims to understand and analyze the geodiversity in the meander belt of the Tarauacá River, observing the landscape of fluvial physiography and its relationship with land use and occupation in Envira - Amazonas. The geodiversity of the landscape, represented by the fluvial physiography of the lower fluvial course of the Tarauacá River, demonstrates changes over time and the processes resulting from human activities in urban soil, natural systems, and surface and underground water systems (water wells). Additionally, the study analyzes the impacts of floods due to the seasonality of the Tarauacá River. The focus of the study is on the geodiversity in the meander belt of the Tarauacá River, emphasizing the landscape of fluvial physiography and its relationship with land use and occupation in Envira - Amazonas. The problem of this study is based on the (re)organizing processes of the landscape through the use and occupation of urban land on Permanent Preservation Areas, which affect other elements of geodiversity, including the fluvial physiography/fluvial geomorphology of the Tarauacá River system. The study's object is the physiognomy of the fluvial physiography landscape of the meander belt, where the meander neck supporting the city of Envira is located. Thus, urban land use and occupation in this site are the main focuses of investigation. The methodological strategy was structured with the procedural method, using the Case Study and dialoguing with key techniques: Documentary Research; Direct Observation and application of the Geographic Inventory Protocol; Geographic Information System - computerized environment consisting of: ArcGIS 10.3; LANDSAT; SRTM Images; IBGE and SEMMAS; data; Base Map World Topographic Map. The selected research approach focused primarily on the prism of the literature of researcher Edgar Morin, with emphasis on complex thinking. The analyzed results confirm the hypothesis regarding interventions in the meander belt over some years of the 19th century, where infrastructures advance, resulting in degradations in fluvial geomorphology and consequently in ecosystem services. Thees’s degradations are caused by land use and occupation in aspects such as domestic well drilling, use of the water table, siltation, channeling, and pollution from diffuse and point sources. The water resources of the Buriti and Preto streamlets in the lower course, Terra Firme Forest, riparian forest, and igapó forest, as well as the internal semicircular dikes of the meander, spurs, and internal arc of the meander, are the most impacted, along with the Permanent Preservation Areas. This situation is demonstrated in the fluvial physiography on the Geographic Inventory Protocol Map.