Avanços no conhecimento da patologia e tratamentos do diabetes mellitus nos últimos 10 anos

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that represents a serious public health problem, with a significant impact on the human, social and economic spheres. Its prevalence, which affects millions of people worldwide, continues to grow, with emphasis on type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), more common in children and young people, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), predominant in adults and frequently associated with cardiovascular complications. Inadequate control of diabetes can result in serious complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. From this perspective, this study aims to gather information, through a literature review, on the most recent therapeutic and technological innovations in the management of diabetes mellitus. Additionally, it seeks to understand new research on the pathogenesis of the disease and associated vascular complications. The research considered studies published between 2014 and 2024, using peer-reviewed articles extracted from databases such as PubMed, SciELO and ScienceDirect, of which 7 were selected for the results and discussions. Technological innovations in the treatment of diabetes include insulin pumps, artificial pancreas and inhaled insulin, allowing more effective management of blood glucose levels, providing greater comfort to patients. In addition to medications such as sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide type 1 (GLP-1) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have proven effective in glycemic control of T2DM. These innovations not only aim to improve the quality of life of patients, but also reduce complications associated with the disease. However, despite advances, access to these technologies in the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil remains a challenge. The SUS provides human NPH insulin, regular insulin, rapid- and long-acting insulin analogues, metformin hydrochloride, glibenclamide, gliclazide and dapagliflozin for the treatment of DM. The importance of updated treatments for DM1 and DM2, as well as studies that seek solutions to cure these pathologies, is undeniable. Keywords: diabetes mellitus; pathogenesis; therapeutic innovations; quality of life.