Composição química e atividade antimalárica de Geissospermum urceolatum A. H. Gentry (Apocynaceae)

Abstract

The malaria situation in Brazil and in the world is still very worrying these days. One of the causes of this situation is the existence of Plasmodium strains resistant to current antimalarials. Therefore, there is a need for the search for new drugs, which are more effective and less toxic. Several plant species have been used in folk medicine as antimalarials, such as Cinchona spp. and Artemisia annua, plants that have been isolated from quinine and artemisinin. In the family Apocynaceae, the species of the genus Geissospermum and Aspidosperma, has been highlighted as an antimalarial potential. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the chemical composition and to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodic activity of extracts, fractions and substances of Geissospermum urceolatum, through a bioguided study. The plant material was collected at the Ducke Forest Reserve of the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), in Manaus, Amazonas. Seven (7) different extraction methods were compared for each part of the plant (leaf, twig and bark), but method 7 was tested only on the bark. In order to define the initial chemical profile of dry extracts, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis was performed by direct infusion of the samples. The data obtained by EMAR were treated and interpreted chemimetrically through the Chemoface program. These were evaluated by the plant separately (leaf, twig and bark), comparing extraction method, m / z and percentage relative to the base peak (greater than 5%). The nineteen extracts were tested for antimalarial activity (Inhibitory Concentration 50% - IC50) in vitro, three (3) of the shell extracts were active, with IC50 of 14.5 μg / mL, 12 μg / mL and 9 , 7 μg / mL respectively. The chemometric data were used to find a relation between the active extracts and the chemical profile, where what differentiates this group from the others is the presence of three (3) main peaks: 329,18; 175.18; 217.07. In order to correlate the activity and yield of the tested methods, method 7 (M7) was defined as the method of study, then a new scale extraction was performed, two dry extracts (BOT1 and BOT2) were obtained. Sephadex LH-20 and mobile phase 100% of the 8 subfractions obtained were submitted to IC 50 test, using a chromatographic column (CC) as the stationary phase. and EMAR. Of these, one was partially active (PA) (30 μg / mL) and one was active (A) (1.93 μg / mL). The dry extract (BOT2) was partitioned and 2 main fractions were obtained, both of which were submitted to NMR, HRT and IC50 test, both fractions were active. These fractions were fractionated using CC and HPLC, of these 4 substances were elucidated as: Methyl Sinapiato (S2) (IC50 24.5 μg / mL) and 4-N-methyl-akuammicine (S3) (IC50 27.1 μg / mL ) that did not present antiplasmodic activity in the in vitro tests; aspidocarpine (S1) (IC50 2.42 μg / mL) which showed lower antiplasmodic activity than observed in previous studies and phenyl propanoid (S4) dimer. The bioguided fractionation was efficient in the isolation of substances with antiplasmodic activity in vitro.