Gordura de ucuúba: caracterização química e síntese de biodiesel

Abstract

The virola surinamensis Rott Warb is a kind of family Myristicaceae exploited because of their timber. This study sought to describe the fat extracted from its seed, part renewable, abundant and inexpensive operated the plant, whose operation can reconcile environmental preservation, sustainable regional development to improvement of life of local people. Seeds collected and drawn by mechanical pressing in the Community of Roque located in the extractive Reserve Jurua results in yellowing of fat dark. The contents of that fat physical and chemical methods were obtained from official and presented with characteristic of high acidity and a high amount of material unsaponifiables were made different tests for separation of unsaponifiable and neutralization of that fat in the laboratory. The fat was subjected to an extraction of the material unsaponifiables by a process of partition net-net for 4 hours at 80 °C, followed by neutralization with alkaline solution. After the optimization of this process, the material was extracted unsaponifiable on a larger scale with different proportions of alcohol (methanol, ethanol and absolute ethanol) with the best result the extraction with methanol 1:2 fat / methanol). That fraction of unsaponifiable extracted with methanol was subjected to a phytochemical isolation by different chromatographic techniques. There were isolated six substances, which were characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique using mono-(1H and 13C NMR) and two-dimensional (COSY, HSQC and HMBC). 4 have been identified neolignanas the mesodihidroguaiarético, hidroxigalbolina, f23/mpmi, f12/14/18 two lactones and the type jurenolido C. The trials of antioxidant activities qualitative indicated that all substances isolated present capacity of kidnapping of free radicals. After filtering the fat, with higher rate of acidity, was subjected to a transesterification by acid homogeneous catalysis with different proportions of catalyst, through metílica. The yield reached in a single step was 58.6 % in the following conditions (fat / methanol 1:6, 1 M HCl, and temperature 90 ° C in 24 hours), this result was lower than expected for catalysis acid that is above 90 % Due to presence of material unsaponifiables in fat. The fat that has also been neutralised and submitted through the transesterification metílica and etílica relations in different molars by basic homogeneous catalysis (KOH, and EtONa NaOH), in different proportions. He had his best results seen with higher incomes, density and conversion to CCD was 90, 01 % under the following conditions (fat / methanol 1:9; KOH 2% and temperature of 50 °C in 2 hours), for basic catalysis was obtained 81.68 % (Fat / absolute ethanol 1:12; KOH 4% and temperature of 80 °C in 2h), 86.81 % (fat / absolute ethanol 1:6, 2% NaOH and temperature of 60 xviii °C in 2horas) and 82.81 % (fat-ethanol absolute 1:6, EtONa 2% and temperature of 80 °C in 2horas). With the best result the transesterification with the basic catalyst NaOH. The crude fat and fat white material obtained from the unsaponifiable with high acidity was subjected to an esterification with heterogeneous catalysts (FeCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3), followed by transesterification in catalysis basic to obtain biodiesel. Thus the following results were obtained 90.74% under the (esterification Fe2(SO4)3 2 %; fat / 1:3 ethanol and temperature of 90 °C in 4 hours and transesterification KOH 2 %, fat / 1:12 ethanol and temperature of 80 °C in 2 hours), cited in the hydrolysis was found better yield of 96.53% in terms of (NaOH 4%, fat / 1:3 absolute ethanol and temperature of 90 °C in 1 hour and esterification fat / absolute ethanol 1: 3; Fe2(SO4)3 2% to 90 °C in 2 hours). The optimization of the process of preparation of biodiesel, from the fat of ucuúba may provide a new source of energy to the isolated communities of the State of Amazonas.