Crescimento e morfoanatomia foliar de mudas de espécies florestais nativas da Amazônia cultivadas em diferentes substratos e níveis de sombreamento

Abstract

Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd., Carapa procera Candolle e Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don are native species of Amazon region, and the use of wood have medicinal properties used traditionally. The brightness and substrate are among the components that affect the growth and quality of seedlings in the nursery, while the leaf anatomy is tool for better understanding of the adaptations of plants to environmental conditions. The use of particles of wood Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. Ex Lamb.) Urban, enriched with macro and micronutrients in the substrates, was to develop technology for the production of seedlings identified quality and sustainability of forestry in the Amazon, as well as evaluating the morphoanatomy leaf seedlings. The experiment was installed in the nursery of the Experimental Tropical INPA Forestry station in Manaus, Am with substrate compounds with loam, sand and chicken manure in the ratio 3: 1: ½ and balsa wood particles replacing the manure in the proportions 3: 1: ½; 3: 1: 1 and 3: 1: 2 and shading 0, 30, 50 and 70%. The design was randomized for 81, 201 and 306 days in the experiment D. odorata, 143 days with C. procera and 115, 220 and 311 days with J copaia and analyzed in a factorial (4 x 4) by ANOVA and averages 5% by Tukey test. They were measured morphological characteristics of seedlings, survival and quality by Dickson Index and height / diameter. The anatomical characterization was made at the end, with 5 mature leaves / treatment following the Plant Anatomy protocols adopted in Labaf / UFAM. The substrate with half or a piece of balsa wood particles replaces the chicken manure in the production of seedlings tonka bean, with the highest values in Dickson Quality Index and major growth variables and lower in H/D ratio under 70% shading. C. procera substrate with half part of balsa wood particles replaces the chicken manure in the production of seedlings with Quality Index of Dickson and H / D ratio higher than the minimum indicated for forest species under 30% shading, reaching 100% survival. The J. copaia seedlings must be produced with quality, under 0% shade on substrates with three pieces of clay land, a part of sand and two pieces of balsa stick particles enriched with macro and micronutrients or under 30% shade with three pieces of clay land, a part of sand and half of chicken manure and tanned, with 82% survival to 96% at 220 days. The leaves were thinner, for smaller thicknesses of the palisade and spongy parenchyma, and mesophyll, expressing plasticity in anatomy. The species confirmed the light requirements in accordance with the classification of ecological succession to which they belong, the highest value being evaluated in Cumaru (climax) under 70 % shade; andiroba (Intermediate) under 70 % shade and caroba (pioneer) under 0 % or 30 % shading. The species D. odorata , C. procera and J. copaia presented leaf anatomical plasticity with changes in the different treatments .