Filogenia, Taxonomia e Biogeografia do gênero Tamarinus Trouessart, 1904 (Primates, Callitrichidae)

Abstract

Among Neotropical primates, species in the family Callitrichidae include the smallest and most phenotypically distinct. Callitrichids are currently classified into ten genera: Callithrix Erxleben, 1777, Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807, Leontocebus Wagner, 1839, Leontopithecus Lesson, 1840, Mico Lesson, 1840, Oedipomidas Reichenbach, 1862, Cebuella Gray, 1866, Tamarinus Trouessart, 1904, Callimico Miranda -Ribeiro, 1911 and, Callibella van Roosmalen & van Roosmalen, 2003. Among these genera, only Tamarinus has not been revised taxonomically, with the taxonomy still based on a study from the 1970s, and has not changed much in the last 45 years. Thus, in this thesis, we used we generated double digest restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) to generate the most complete phylogeny of the genus Tamarinus, with all species and subspecies, as well as performing taxonomic hypothesis tests that the subspecies of Tamarinus mystax (T. m. mystax, T. m. pileatus and T. m. pluto), Tamarinus imperator (T. i. imperator and T. i. subgrisescens) may represent independent evolutionary lineages. In addition, we constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny for species of the genus Tamarinus, as well as a statistical biogeographical phylogenetic model for the genus, in order to infer the biogeographical history and its relationship with the evolution of the Amazonian landscape. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that the Amazonian rivers promote the diversification of species of the genus Tamarinus. We describe a new species of Tamarinus from the Juruá-Tefé interfluve, previously assigned to the species T. mystax. We also raised T. mystax and T. pileatus to species level, the latter, with a new nomenclatural proposal, with two subspecies, T. p. pileatus and T. p. pluto. Our phylogenetic hypotheses also confirm the existence of two Tamarinus species formerly grouped under the specific epithet Tamarinus imperator, now designated as T. imperator and T. subgrisescens. Our phylogenetic analyzes retrieve high support for all species and for relationships between species. The divergence of Tamarinus, Oedipomidas, Saguinus and Leontocebus occurred in the Middle and Late Miocene. Our biogeographical reconstruction associates the role of Amazonian rivers as vicariant agents for most species, but we emphasize that for some species there was a possible dispersion through a geographic barrier.