Análise dos impactos socioambientais nas bacias hidrográficas urbanas das cidades de Tabatinga e Letícia na Amazônia / Ercivan Gomes de Oliveira

Abstract

The problems of water scarcity at the beginning of this century have encouraged countries to take increasingly efficient actions in the management of water resources in view of the demands required with the growth of the population, as well as the productive activities that each year drive more resources in quantity and quality available. In this context, the Amazon, which has a portion of natural resources that are still preserved, becomes fundamental for maintaining the natural and social balance of the population living in this region, and indirectly for the world. However, water management in this region has faced challenges, mainly regarding the apparent amount of water available in relation to current demands, and, for its capacity of self-depuration of effluents released directly into rivers and river canals without treatment. In this context, the purpose of this thesis was to explain the water quality conditions of urban drainage canals in the cities of Tabatinga - Amazonas in Brazil and Leticia - Amazonas in Colombia, as well as to analyze the national, state and municipal regulations, programs, projects and actions carried out through the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, which have influenced directly and indirectly the water management in these border cities. The methodological approach was built from the watershed as a territorial-hydrographic planning unit, which interrelates society-nature from the institutional, private and civil society actors on site and off site that act in the construction of urban space. In the physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes carried out in the urban basins of São Francisco and Paraíso in Brazilian territory and Matadero and Simón Bolívar in Colombian territory, by means of the environmental parameters of water quality established by CONAMA resolution 357/2005/BR and Resolución 2115/2007/CO, compared to the results found in the research carried out in the States of Amazonas in Brazil and Colombia, already indicate the eminent degradation of urban surface waters in approximately 80% of the 12 sampling points analyzed. In addition, the impacts on water quality are uniform both in the central areas of these cities and in the areas of urban expansion, due to the precariousness of basic sanitation infrastructure. The providers of treated water collection, treatment and distribution services in these cities, due to the installed structure and population growth in recent years, are unable to meet approximately 50% of the demand required by the population. Thus, a significant portion of the residents of this border region do not have access to quality treated water, even though this resource is "quantitatively abundant" in rivers, lakes and streams. Thus, it was possible to verify that in addition to the explicit degradation of water in urban river channels, arising from the occupation of drainage APP and the discharge of untreated wastewater, the inefficient or absence of control, inspection, monitoring, the disarticulation of environmental regulations at the national, state and municipal levels of the institutional actors of these countries are one of the main implicit factors of social-environmental impacts in this border region of the Amazon.