Estratégias bioclimáticas e tecnológicas para edificações escolares em áreas de inundação nos municípios de Anamã e Iranduba no estado do Amazonas

Abstract

In the state of Amazonas, seasonal floods that are part of the hydrological regime cause major impacts on building infrastructures, especially those in schools, affecting the students' school year and consequently the pedagogical development. In these areas, building systems need to provide solutions for these flood and drought situations. Given this, one opts for the architectural typology of stilts, which erected around the rivers, lakes and streams, are traditional dwellings of riverside culture whose architecture presupposes a dialogue with the water cycle. Thus, the present work proposes a project that rethinks educational constructions in periodic flooding areas in the Amazon, considering the issue of bioclimatic architecture through the rescue of the stilt architectural party and the inclusion of technological solutions and building materials integrated with the environment, consolidating the compromise between architecture, education and environment. The adopted methodology is based on bibliographic research, as well as field surveys to recognize the area, identify and record the local characteristics and surrounding areas selected in the municipality of Anamã and Vila de Paricatuba, in the state of Amazonas. Both areas have similarities in bioclimatic data on temperature, precipitation, humidity and river level, but Iranduba is under greater anthropic impact because it is located in the metropolitan region, and Anamã has high levels of anual flooding during the flood period. that cause the flooding of every municipality. From obtaining the climatic data of the regions it is possible to suggest a set of bioclimatic strategies to be inserted in the project elaboration such as: studies on natural lighting reducing direct light exposure, through strategies such as use and brises, frames and shading and the application of artificial lighting efficiently and well planned; natural and cross ventilation covering the entire building together with an evaporative cooling process such as the use of wooded areas and / or lawns near the building; green roofs and walls; photovoltaic solar energy; the reuse of rainwater; the separation / disposal of solid waste; the elevated biodigester pit; materials such as woodconcrete beams and slabs; certified woods; and cementitious tile reinforced with fiber fabric. Given the above, the architectural study was elaborated focusing on bioclimatic strategies, technologies and insertion of materials that are ways for the creation of more sustainable buildings adapted to the specificities of the state of Amazonas. The perspective is that architectural stilt typology can be improved for use in new school building projects, but it is necessary for government agencies to have a broad view of its importance and to recognize it as a material and immaterial heritage of the region from the Amazon.