Mantendo a floresta em pé? Uma análise do Programa Bolsa Floresta como modelo de pagamento por serviços ambientais na RDS Uacari

Abstract

This thesis aims to analyze the participation of traditional populations of Uacari Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS) in the process of implementation of the Forest Scholarship / Bolsa Floresta (PBF) as a public policy of Amazonas government. The PBF acts as a model for payment of environmental services (PES). Throughout this paper, an analysis of Conservation Units (UCs), considering since the first protected area created in Brazil, of full protection, throughout the implementation of sustainable use UCs in the Amazon. We sought to understand at what point was established the "model", as well as key concepts that guided the implementation, considering the focus of discussions related to the "sustainable development" in Brazil, the Amazon rubber tapper movement and the role of environmentalists in this process. Used as guideline for the State environmental and climate change, the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) was put in pratice in Uacari UC. The role played by traditional populations involved in the process, such as engagement in decisions regarding the definition of actions and services, is put into focus. An analysis of the implementation of this policy in Uacari Reserve, based on the "model" of REDD was made in order to understand the role that people play in traditional construction, planning and execution of actions. Thus, it was established that environmental policies in the Amazon, especially from 2003 onwards have made a strong advance, especially as the consolidation of legal status and incrementation of new protected areas, from the creation of several protected areas, mainly of sustainable use. However, remains a model of inefficient management, considering the objectives proposed by the Zona Franca Verde Program and State Climate Change Act, with respect to operationalization and implementation of the actions of PAs, jeopardizing the proposed results. There are factors such as lack of commitment to the policy of the State, such as lack of autonomy in terms of budget, depending on external resources, slow modernized of public management model, leading to streamline procedures and execution processes., Procedures and cultural ways of life of peoples and traditional communities are little considered in the implementation of actions, such as land problems are not resolved. All this noted, it was possible, from this dissertation to make an analysis of the PBF as a model of state policy, although run by a private institution of legal constitution. This policy has encoutered mistakes typical of the public sector, to seek the short-term results, target the quantitative results and not the qualitative. These procedures when used in actions with the traditional communities must be observed with another look, in order to respect their peculiarities, their time, their moods, desires etc.. Furthermore, this dissertation provides the other researchers interested in the topic to explore more aspects like land issue of UCs, the ownership of carbon (to whom it belongs: the State or to the traditional populations?). Providing possibilities of comparative research between government programs run in PAs over the PBF, understanding the real effects of such a program on the lives of people with regard to quality of life.