Características biométricas, edáficas, nutricionais e produção de frutos de castanha-da-amazônia em plantios clonais na Amazônia Central

Abstract

The study was conducted in forest planting Bertholletia excelsa composing five clones: Aruanã, Manoel Pedro, Santa Fe, 606 and 609 for a total of 50 trees in Agricultural Company Aruanã S. A. in Itacoatiara - AM. The design was completely randomized. The objective was to investigate the effect of nutritional and physical factors of soil in fruit production, in addition to biometric characterization of trees, fruits and biomass production. In each tree were measures the variables dendrometric and morphometric of the fruits, determined the index of esbeltez and salience. Correlation tests were applied in production variables (hedgehogs weight and nuts) in light of all the morphometric variables (height, DBH, crown and index). Quantified the wet and dry biomass of peels of hedgehogs and nuts by clone. The dependent variables were tested (hedgehogs weight and nuts) in light of all the independent variables (DBH, height, crown and index) by the multiple linear regression by method stepwise. The foliar and chemical nutrients from trees that had greater and lesser production fruits were tested by Student's t test and the dispersion of clones for these variables was by canonical variables analysis and interpreted by the table and graph of the distance. The clone Manoel Pedro presented highest average in the length and proportion of canopy, DBH, lower degree of esbeltez and index salience. The hedgehogs weight variable showed significant positive correlation with DBH; the variable weight of nuts showed significant and positive correlation with DBH and significant negative correlation with degree of esbeltez, for the clone Aruanã. For the clone Santa Fé only DBH showed significant and positive correlation with the production variables (weight of hedgehogs, volume, nuts weight and number total the hedgehogs). The best models adjusted to production were: Hedgehogs weight (WH): LnWH = -19.3639 + 6.5756 ln (d); R² = 46.48 and C (p) = -1.3182. Hedgehogs volume (VH): LnVH = -6, 9294 + 3.8186 ln (d); R² = 43.42 and C (p) = -0.8220. Number of nuts (NN): LNNN = -9.4206 + 3.6031 ln (d); R² = 41.34 and C (p) = -1.5798. Weight of nuts (WN): LnWN = -8.8587 + 3.9718 ln (d); R² = 44.39 and C (p) = -0.9034. Total number of hedgehogs (NTH): LnNTH = -11.8515 + 3.5241 ln (d); R² = 42.33 and C (p) = -1.3249. The dryness biomass of peels sea urchins and chestnuts was distributed as follows: Manoel Pedro> clone Aruanã> clone 606> clone Santa Fé> 609 clone. There was no significant difference between productive and non-productive trees in relation to the chemical characteristics of soil and foliar plant nutrition. The canonical variables analysis, based on foliar nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc), separated the clone 609 at relation on others. In the depth of 0-20 cm in relation to soil nutrients chemical (pH, aluminum, iron, zinc and manganese), the canonical variables analysis separated the clones Aruanã and Manoel Pedro in relation to others. In the depth of 20-40 cm the canonical variables analysis separated the Aruanã clones and 606 based on chemical nutrients (pH, carbon, organic matter, magnesium, hydrogen + aluminum, CEC at pH 7.0, iron, manganese and copper). The canonical variables analysis, based on the physical characteristics of the soil (sand, silt and clay) at a depth of 0-20 cm the clone Santa Fé, been separated compared to the other clones. In the depth of 20-40 cm the canonical variables analysis separated the clones Santa Fé and 609 based in the physical variables (silt and clay). The most productive trees, have had longer tops, higher increase in DBH of the than in height, more vitality and stability. There are variability within each clone