Variabilidade genética em populações de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

The most important vector of Dengue virus is Aedes aegypti, an originally African mosquito species. The presence of this vector in the Americas dates back to the 17th-18th centuries; it is thought to have been first introduced into Brazil by the beginning of the 20th century. However, the process of invasion of the continent by Ae. aegypti remains poorly understood, and the relationships between the dynamics of vector introduction/establishment/expansion and dengue epidemiological trends have not been thoroughly assessed. Here we test a series of hypotheses regarding the origins, number, and spatial and temporal dynamics of the invasion of the Americas by Ae. aegypti. Key predictions were tested using a database composed of over 3000 mitochondrial ND4 gene sequences. This database, which was compiled and completed in the course of the project, contains sequences from specimens collected in five regions of the Americas (from the United States to southern Brazil), in Africa, and in Asia. Analyses covered the following subjects: (i) genetic diversity; (ii) spatial patterns of haplotype occurrence; (iii) genealogical and phylogenetic relationships; (iv) population genetic structuring; and (v) historical demography. Results suggest two major, probably old events of Ae. aegypti introduction into the Americas. Both involved the early arrival of moderately divergent African populations to the Caribbean and North-Mesoamerica. One of these lineages dispersed to Venezuela and spread southwards in two invasion waves. The first wave reached northern Amazonia, where some sub-populations became isolated; we suggest that the spread of these vectors was involved in the first American dengue pandemic (1824-1828). The second, much more recent wave resulted in the colonization of most of South America by this lineage. In contrast, the second major lineage reached South America by the Brazilian Southeastern region, and dispersed northwards during the second pandemic (1845-1851); the persistence of this lineage in Brazil suggests that xi eradication campaigns were never completely successful. The secondary encounter of the descendants of both major lineages gave rise to the often-reported pattern of high genetic diversity. The data suggest that passive vector dispersal and the effects of control interventions on local populations produce a pattern of strong genetic structuring. The recent evolution of dengue epidemiological patterns in Brazil suggests that health sector reform and decentralization in the 1990s limited the efficacy of control interventions. We finally suggest how the results of studies on vector genetics can be incorporated into the design of better control-surveillance strategies; they can help identify more invasive or more diverse vector populations, or help define critical locations for entomological surveillance and control. Our data show how these interventions should be pursued even in localities already infested by the vector. We have developed, making use of data on population genetic variability, a comprehensive proposal on the process of invasion of the Americas by Ae. aegypti, and tentatively established the correspondence between the patterns of genetic diversity of this vector species and the spatial and temporal dynamics of dengue epidemiology in Brazil