Energia limpa e acessível: os desafios para a garantia de acesso à energia renovável no Amazonas

Abstract

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has commitments aimed at certain areas considered essential for human development, the energy sector being one of them. Energy development is a necessary condition for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) – “"Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all" is essential for fulfilling the Agenda. The objective of the present study was to analyze the scenario of municipalities in the state of Amazonas regarding the achievement of the goals of Sustainable Development Goal 7 of the 2030 agenda, identifying how this performance affects society and the environment in each location. The research has a descriptive emphasis on the methodology, of qualitative and quantitative character. The data were obtained through ANEEL and the concessionaire Amazonas Energia. The indicators of SDG 7 were applied and an analysis of the historical series was carried out, followed by the projection of these historical series using the BAU - Business as Usual method through the linear regression procedure, identifying the scenarios for the state of Amazonas on the energy sector for the years 2030, 2040 and 2050. Then, a panel with experts was held, applying the Delphi Method in two rounds, to obtain qualified answers for a consensus on the conditions that led the state of Amazonas to the current situation. After applying the indicators in the municipalities, it was identified that the majority of Amazonas does not have RE in its electrical matrix, with 53 of the 62 municipalities using a percentage of 88% for fossil fuel sources. Between 2000 and 2010, the state improved the percentage of the population with access to electricity, however the cities with the lowest percentage of access are the ones that receive the least projects from the LPT program. Increasing projections were identified in an exponential curve for future scenarios of energy generation, number of consumers and CO2e emissions as negative aspects, thus requiring improvements that must be carried out for the sector. Experts say that the unfavorable scenario for the use of renewable energies is due to the lack of political will on the part of the public sector to assume positions that are more congruent with the 2030 Agenda and the lack of public-private partnerships. The main energy potentials are water resources, solar energy and biomass energy and a study should be carried out for each municipality in order to identify their particularities. Finally, the study concluded that Amazonas is far from meeting the expectations for SDG 7 of the 2030 agenda, in addition to presenting negative future scenarios for the electric energy sector, and there should be greater commitment on the part of the public power to sign public-private partnerships. and with universities for long-term projects aimed at diversifying the electricity matrix, with the participation of universities and research centers.