Governança ambiental: o pacto federativo e os desafios da gestão ambiental municipal

Abstract

With the promulgation of the 1988 Constitution, many advances were observed regarding the organization of the Brazilian State, among these, is the decentralization of responsibilities previously concentrated in the Union, which came to constitute competences of States and Municipalities. When considering the competences that were attributed to municipalities by the Brazilian Magna Carta that deal with their role in local environmental management, as well as their importance as an agent of change through the planning and implementation of public policies aimed at improving the environmental quality and life of its citizens; this research sought to evaluate the Municipal Environmental Governance process and its contribution to the effectiveness of local Environmental Management translated into the articulation process for the identification of environmental problems, planning and implementation of public policies, in four municipalities of Amazonas, namely, Apuí, Boca do Acre, Lábrea and Manaus. In order to reach the general objective, this research started from the following specific objectives: Mapping the administrative, legislative and institutional structure of the environment of the municipalities, its instruments, actors and institutions that are part of the process of Municipal Environmental Governance; evaluate the articulation process between the organizations and their respective actors in the process of Municipal Environmental Governance and Structuring a Matrix of Sustainability of Municipal Environmental Management. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, descriptive, explanatory, bibliographical and documental research is used. Data collection consisted, in addition to consulting bibliographic material, documents and publications originating from governmental and non-governmental institutions, in the application of electronic forms responsible for open questions, which were applied through Google Forms or sent in editable files. For data collection, the following were also used: telephone, e-mail, sending messages/files on whatsapp, videoconferences and face-to-face meetings with the actors of Environmental Governance in the municipalities studied (Managers of the Municipal Environmental Secretariats, national, federal and non-governmental organizations). 28 managers participated in this study. The research was registered and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Amazonas - CAAE: 54109921.4.0000.5020. The results generated a fragile capacity for environmental management in terms of structure, technical staff, financial support, legal framework, establishment of partnerships with the private sector; not only in municipalities located in the interior of the State, but also in the Capital Manaus. This protection corroborates the difficulty of implementing environmental public policies, which reduces the municipality's ability to provide a better environmental and life quality to its population. Therefore, there are municipalities that are unprepared to deal with environmental management, both in psychological terms and in terms of organization and articulation for decision-making and implementation of public policies. With regard to the integration between municipalities, the state and civil society, a low level of interaction between them in decision-making processes and participation in discussion spaces was identified. Also noteworthy is the need for training the technical staff, the need for a greater contribution of financial resources to environmental projects/actions in the municipalities and the need to expand and strengthen the inclusion of civil society representatives in decision-making spaces. These related management and governance factors have a direct impact on the municipality's ability to pursue and achieve sustainable development objectives, a fact demonstrated in the Sustainability Matrices constructed for each municipality.